Multiple anisotropic parameter inversion for a tti earth model

ABSTRACT

A method for determining values of anisotropic model parameters of a Tilted Transversely Isotropic (TTI) Earth model, the anisotropic parameters including P-wave velocity (Vp 0 ) along a tilted symmetry axis, the Thomsen anisotropy parameters δ and ε (or η=(ε−δ)/(1+2δ)) representative of variations of wave velocities as a function of wave propagation angle from the symmetry axis, the method including acquiring input data for a geological volume of interest; determining a theoretical relationship between the input data and the anisotropic model parameters; and calculating the values of the anisotropic model parameters at each of a plurality of subsurface locations in the geological volume of interest based on the theoretical relationships and the input data using workflows involving iterative or sequential combinations of processes including input data preprocessing, conventional tomographic inversion, three dimensional tomographic inversion based on a tilted transversely isotropic model, and three dimensional pre-stack depth migration using a tilted transversely isotropic model.

FIELD

The present invention relates to a method for determining values ofanisotropic model parameters of a Tilted Transversely Isotropic (TTI)earth model.

BACKGROUND

In order to analyze a geological structure of a subterranean formation,exploration geophysicists make many assumptions. One of them is that thesubterranean formation is isotropic while in fact it is fundamentallyanisotropic. This faulty assumption may result in erroneous imaging andinterpretation of the geological structure. To extend the seismicprocessing techniques to anisotropic media, it is desirable to obtain ameasure of the anisotropy of the geological structure.

Seismic anisotropy can be defined as the dependence of seismic velocityon the direction of wave propagation. It is known that a transverseisotropy with tilted axis earth model or TTI earth model can be used tomodel the propagation of waves and obtain an image of the subterraneanformation in anisotropic media. The physical parameters to describe aTTI earth model include (1) the symmetry axis, (2) P-wave(compressional) velocity along symmetry axis −Vp₀, (3) a parameter thatspecifies how the velocities vary for small angles from the symmetryaxis −δ, and (4) a parameter that determines the velocity at largeangles from the axis of symmetry −η (See Thomsen, “Weak ElasticAnisotropy”, Geophysics, vol. 51, no. 10, October 1986 and Alkhalifahand Tsvankin, “Velocity analysis for transversely isotropic Media”,Geophysics, vol. 60, 1550-1566, 1995).

Some TTI earth models also use anisotropic parameter ε to describe thepropagation of waves in an anisotropic medium. Parameter ε satisfies thefollowing relationship η=(ε−δ)/(1+2δ). S (shear) wave velocity isrequired to completely describe a TTI earth model, but in P-waveprocessing, S-wave velocity is usually obtained using an empiricalrelationship with P-wave velocity.

Usually a TTI earth model is a three directional model. Each point inthe model is described by its coordinates and the values of anisotropicparameters. In certain situations, only a few quantities of anisotropicparameters may be needed to fully define a model if the properties ofthe anisotropic medium do not change from point to point. However, inmost situations, the TTI earth model requires a large number ofspatially varying values of anisotropic parameters to accurately definethe model.

The anisotropic parameters of a TTI earth model may be directly measuredfrom core data. However, drilling a well and coring are very expensiveprocesses and direct measurements are only possible at very few welllocations. For 3D imaging, it is desirable to determine the anisotropicparameters of the TTI earth model using also laterally extended data.

SUMMARY

In an aspect of the invention, there is provided a computer implementedmethod for determining values of anisotropic model parameters of aTilted Transversely Isotropic (TTI) Earth model, the anisotropicparameters including P-wave velocity (Vp₀) along a tilted symmetry axis,the Thomsen anisotropy parameters δ and ε (or η=(ε−δ)/(1+2δ))representative of variations of wave velocities as a function of wavepropagation angle from the symmetry axis, the method including:acquiring input data for a geological volume of interest; determining atheoretical relationship between the input data and the anisotropicmodel parameters; and calculating the values of the anisotropic modelparameters at each of a plurality of subsurface locations in thegeological volume of interest based on the theoretical relationships andthe input data using workflows involving iterative or sequentialcombinations of processes including input data preprocessing,conventional tomographic inversion, three dimensional tomographicinversion based on a tilted transversely isotropic model, and threedimensional pre-stack depth migration using a tilted transverselyisotropic model.

In another aspect of the invention, there is provided a computer producthaving machine executable instructions, the instructions beingexecutable by a machine to perform a tomographic inversion method fordetermining values of anisotropic parameters of a TTI earth model, theanisotropic parameters including P-wave velocity (Vp₀) along a tiltedsymmetry axis, the Thomsen anisotropy parameters δ and ε (orη=(ε−δ)/(1+2δ)) representative of a variation of wave velocities as afunction of wave propagation angle from the symmetry axis, the methodincluding determining a relationship between input data and theanisotropic parameters, the input data being acquired for a geologicalvolume of interest; and calculating the values of the anisotropicparameters at each of a plurality of subsurface locations in thegeological volume of interest based on the relationship and the inputdata using workflows, involving iterative or sequential combinations ofprocesses including input data preprocessing, three dimensionaltomographic inversion, and three dimensional TTI pre-stack depthmigration.

A computer implemented method for determining values of anisotropicparameters of a three dimensional TTI earth model, the anisotropicparameters including P-wave velocity (Vp₀) along a tilted symmetry axis,the Thomsen anisotropy parameters δ, ε (or η=(ε−δ)/(1+2δ))representative of variation of wave velocities as a function of wavepropagation angle from the symmetry axis, the method including (a)obtaining an initial migration velocity model that substantiallyflattens common-imaging-point gathers and substantially ties seismicdata to well data, the initial migration velocity model includinginitial values Vp₀, δ, ε (or η) at each of a plurality of subsurfacelocations in a geological volume of interest; (b) inputting checkshotdata, or VSP data, or both checkshot and VSP data at well locations intoa three dimensional tomographic inversion to determine updated values ofVp₀ near the well locations, the values of Vp₀ being updated by acorrection ΔVp₀, wherein Vp₀=Vp₀+ΔVp₀; (c) determining an incrementalimprovement Δδ to δ(initial) using the relative change Δδ=(ΔVp₀)/Vp₀;(d) extrapolating the relative change Δδ from near-well locations to theentire three dimensional TTI earth model at each of the plurality ofsubsurface locations, taking into account geological consistency andregularization, to determine updated values of δ, wherein δ=δ+Δδ; (e)determining updated values of Vp₀=Vp₀ (1−Δδ) using the extrapolatedthree dimensional Δδ at each of the plurality of subsurface locationsand obtaining the three dimensional extended incremental update ΔVp₀=−ΔδVp₀; (f) inputting near-to-mid-offset/angle residual moveout informationin the common-imaging-point gathers obtained with an improved migrationvelocity model that is defined with the updated values of Vp₀ and δ intoa TTI tomographic inversion process to further provide updated values ofδ at each of the plurality of subsurface locations; and (g) inputtingnear-to-far-offset/angle residual moveout information in thecommon-imaging-point gathers obtained with the improved model the TTItomographic inversion process to provide updated values of η at each ofthe plurality of subsurface locations.

These and other objects, features, and characteristics of the presentinvention, as well as the methods of operation and functions of therelated elements of the structure and the combination of parts andeconomies of manufacture, will become more apparent upon considerationof the following description and the appended claims with reference tothe accompanying drawings, all of which form a part of thisspecification, wherein like reference numerals designate correspondingparts in the various figures. It is to be expressly understood, however,that the drawings are for the purpose of illustration and descriptiononly and are not intended as a definition of the limits of theinvention. As used in the specification and in the claims, the singularform of “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural referents unless the contextclearly dictates otherwise.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a method for determining values of anisotropic modelparameters of a Tilted Transversely Isotropic (TTI) Earth model inaccordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2 shows a workflow for determining values of anisotropic parametersin accordance with an embodiment of the invention; and

FIG. 3 shows various scenarios that can be used in the workflow of FIG.2, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of the invention provide a method for accurately determiningvalues of anisotropic parameters of a Titled Transversely Isotropic(TTI) earth model at each of a plurality of locations in a geologicalvolume of interest. In an embodiment, the estimated anisotropicparameters are calibrated with direct measurements at well locations.Embodiments of the invention also relate to a computer product havingmachine executable instructions, the instructions being executable by amachine to perform a method for determining values of anisotropicparameters of a TTI earth model.

In an embodiment, the method for accurately determining values ofanisotropic parameters of a TTI earth model include three main aspectswhich are (1) the use of input data to determine the anisotropicparameters, (2) the relationship between the input data and theanisotropic parameters, and (3) the process employed to convert theinput data to values of the anisotropic parameters. The process that isused to convert input data to anisotropic parameters may be referred toas an inversion process.

Referring now to FIG. 1, this figure shows a method 10 for determiningvalues of anisotropic parameters of a TTI earth model in accordance withan embodiment of the invention. With the method of FIG. 1, the values ofthe anisotropic parameters (Vp₀, δ, ηand/or ε) are determined for eachcoordinate (x, y, z) in the geological volume of interest covered by theTTI earth model. The method starts at procedure 15 where input data areacquired for a geological volume of interest. Input data may include,for example, surface seismic data, vertical seismic profile data, VSP(vertical seismic profile) data, check shot data, well log data,interpretational data, regional trend, a priori data, or any combinationof the foregoing. The interpretational data includes picks of horizonand shape.

Surface seismic data, which record reflections from the earth, havegreat coverage and are readily available in most areas. The wavereflected at different angles is sensitive to anisotropic parameters.Therefore, surface seismic data can be used as input data for theanisotropic parameter estimation. The measurable data includetravel-times at different offsets and depth error of migrated gathers atdifferent offsets/angles. VSP and check shot data, which record thedirect arrival of waves from different directions, are also sensitive toanisotropic parameters. The measurement is travel-time at differentborehole locations. As known in the art, VSP data are acquired bypositioning the wave receiver down the borehole and the wave emitternear the surface. Check shot data are acquired by positioning both thewave emitter and receiver down the borehole.

After acquiring input data, the method 10 proceeds to procedure 20 wherea theoretical relationship is determined between the input data and theanisotropic parameters. The ray theory can be used to derive thetheoretical relationship between the recorded travel-time (input data)and anisotropic parameters of the TTI earth model. Specifically, thetheoretical relationship between the input data and the anisotropicparameters can be obtained by first implementing the TTI specificationtechniques described in Thomsen, “Weak elastic anisotropy” Geophysics,vol. 51, pgs. 1954-66 (1986); and/or Alkahalifah, et al., “Velocityanalysis for transversely isotropic media” Geophysics, vol. 60, pgs.1550-1566 (1995) to specify anisotropic Earth model velocities. Theanisotropic ray tracing is then performed by one or more techniquesdescribed Cerveny, “Seismic rays and ray intensities in inhomogeneousanisotropic media,” Geophysical Journal, vol. 29, pgs. 1-13 (1972)and/or Gajewski et al., “Vertical seismic profile synthetics by dynamicray tracing in laterally varying layered anisotropic structures” Journalof Geophysics Res., vol. 95, pgs. 11301-11315, (1990). Additionalinformation regarding the use of ray theory to derive the theoreticalrelationship between the input data and the anisotropic parameters canbe gleaned from U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/079,170, System andMethod for Migrating Seismic Data, filed on Mar. 24, 2008.

After determining the theoretical relationship between the input dataand the anisotropic parameters, the method proceeds to procedure 25where the values of the anisotropic model parameters at each of aplurality of subsurface locations in the geological volume of interestare calculated based on the theoretical relationships and the inputdata. In an embodiment, the calculation of the anisotropic parametersuses workflows involving iterative or sequential combinations ofprocesses including input data preprocessing, conventional tomographicinversion or three dimensional tomographic inversion based on a tiltedtransversely isotropic model, and three dimensional pre-stack depthmigration using a tilted transversely isotropic model. Further, theiterative or sequential combinations of processes may includeinterpretive picking.

The estimation of the anisotropic parameters of procedure 25 is acomputational process which uses the recorded data and a theoreticalrelationship to solve the model parameters. This process is calledtomographic inversion. The inversion can be performed differently usingvarious workflows. For example, the anisotropic parameters may beestimated sequentially (i.e. one at a time) or, preferably, variousparameters may be estimated simultaneously. It is also possible to useone type of data to estimate one or multiple parameters. In anotherembodiment, all available input data are used to estimate allanisotropic parameters simultaneously. Further, the values of theanisotropic model parameters can be determined using variouscombinations of inversions with full sets or subsets of the input dataand full sets or subsets of the output data.

The tomographic inversion of procedure 25 is recursive and iterative,and may use three dimensional tilted transversely isotropic ray tracingto model three dimensional wave propagation. Input data preprocessingmay include normalizing the input before performing the threedimensional TTI tomographic inversion. Input data preprocessing may alsoinclude, prior to performing the three dimensional TTI tomographicinversion, migrating the seismic data using 3D TTI prestack depthmigration algorithms, sorting the migrated seismic data according totheir subsurface location and their migration offset/angle intocommon-image-point (CIP) gathers, and selecting and quantifying residualmoveouts in the common-image-point gathers domain. TTI prestack depthmigration algorithms are known in the art.

The values of the anisotropic parameters are calculated by iterativelyselecting values of Vp₀, δ and η. Specifically, the values of theanisotropic parameters are calculated until (a) seismic image positionsof subsurface structures in the geological volume of interest tie theirspatial positions recognized in drilled wells and (b) residual moveoutsin common-imaging-point gathers are minimum at every point in the model.The subsurface structures include rock boundaries.

Referring now to FIG. 2, this figure shows a workflow 100 fordetermining values of anisotropic parameters of a Titled TransverselyIsotropic (TTI) earth model in accordance with an embodiment of theinvention. The iterative workflow can begin at procedure 105 where threedimensional seismic reflection data are measured. The workflow thenproceeds to procedure 110 where the seismic reflection data are used todetermine an initial TTI earth model for the geological volume ofinterest. The initial TTI earth model may be determined using variousmeans. For example, the initial TTI earth model can be determined fromvelocity information and various processing performed on measured dataas well as knowledge, either regionally or globally, about the area inwhich the geological volume of interest is located. Furthermore, theinitial TTI model building also includes estimating subsurface reflectorstructural dips and obtaining TTI symmetry axes in the geological volumeof interest. In the initial TTI earth model, a value of each parameterVp₀, δ and η is provided at each of a plurality of locations (x, y, z)in the geological volume of interest.

After determining an initial TTI earth model, the workflow proceeds toblock 115 and procedure 120 where well data (block 115) are used toperform a three dimensional (3D) TTI tomography (procedure 120) based onray tracing to update the value of Vp₀ of the TTI earth model near thewell(s). Well data may include VSP data or checkshot data, whichrepresent information about wave velocities in the well(s). The updatedvalues of Vp₀ in the geological volume of interest near the well(s)corresponds to Vp₀(initial)+ΔVp₀. With this operation, the values of Vp₀near the well(s) are updated in the initial TTI earth model.Specifically, the VSP data and checkshot data are used in the embodimentof FIG. 2 to tie the seismic data to the well data.

After updating the values of Vp₀ near the well(s), the workflow 100proceeds to procedure 125 where the initial values of δ near the well(s)are updated using the updated values of Vp₀ according to the followingtransformation Δδ=ΔVp₀/Vp₀ with δ(updated)=δ(initial)+Δδ. Thetransformations of procedures 110-125 enable one to refine the initial3D TTI earth model by providing a more accurate TTI model near thewell(s).

Once the initial TTI earth model has been updated near the well(s) withthe updated values of Vp₀ and δ, the workflow 100 proceeds to procedure130 where the remaining points in the model, i.e. the points outside thelocation(s) near the well(s), are populated. In the embodiment of FIG.2, the remaining points in the model are populated using a threedimensional extrapolation process and the updated values of Vp₀ and δnear the well(s). The three dimensional extrapolation process isperformed by first extrapolating δ or Δδ in the remaining locations ofthe model and then obtaining a three dimensional update of Vp₀ using thetransformation ΔVp₀=−Δδ*Vp₀. It will be appreciated that various typesof algorithms can be used to extrapolate the values of δ or Δδ outsidethe well locations and to obtain extended updates of Vp₀ and δ. Theresult of the extrapolation process (see block 135) provides a threedimensional TTI earth model with well tie having updated values of Vp₀and δ at each point of the model. The three dimensional TTI earth modelof block 135 includes the following parameters at each point (x, y, z)of the model: Vp₀(initial)+ΔVp₀, δ(initial)+Δδ and η(initial).

The model determined at block 135 is used to perform a three dimensional(3D) pre-stack TTI depth imaging of seismic reflection data at procedure140. With this procedure, seismic reflection data that have beenrecorded for the geological volume of interest are processed/migrated bythe model to provide a new image of the sub-surface of the geologicalvolume of interest. As will be appreciated, the migration of seismicdata will typically enable an image to be formed of the geologicalvolume of interest from the migrated seismic data that is a moreaccurate depiction of the geological features present in the seismicvolume of interest than an image formed from migrated data with anisotropic algorithm. The three dimensional pre-stack TTI depth imagingof seismic reflection data of procedure 140 provides common image pointgathers (block 145). As known in the art, common image point gatherscorrespond to the migrated seismic data that end up at a same imageposition in the geological volume of interest.

Once the common image point gathers have been identified by the 3Dpre-stack TTI depth imaging analysis, the workflow 100 then proceeds toprocedures 150 and/or 155 wherein a residual moveout analysis isperformed. As known in the art, residual moveout analysis is a basicstep in velocity model refinement. The analysis is generally carried outusing semblances for a grid of inline and xline locations. One semblancepanel is computed for each common-image-point gather as a function ofdepth and offset. The residual moveout analysis on the common imagepoint gathers is carried out for the near to mid offsets at procedure150 while the residual moveout analysis on the common image pointgathers is carried out for the near to far mid offsets at procedure 155.Near and far offsets correspond, respectively, to a small and a largedistance between the source and the receiver.

It will be appreciated that the procedures 150, 155 of FIG. 2 areintended to cover multiple moveout analyses. That is, the residualmoveout analysis of FIG. 2 can be performed only for the near to midoffsets (procedure 150) or only for the near to far offsets (procedure155) in embodiments of the invention. Alternatively, in an embodiment ofthe invention, and as shown in FIG. 2, the residual moveout analysis canbe performed for both the near to mid offsets and the near to faroffsets simultaneously.

The residual moveout analysis provides updated wave velocities Vp₀ foreach point of the 3D TTI model defined at procedure 135. Afterdetermining the updated velocities Vp₀ for each point of the model, adetermination is made at blocks 165 a and/or 165 b as to whetherconvergence is obtained, i.e. whether the results of the residualmoveout analyses of procedures 150 and/or procedure 155 is/are within apredetermined tolerance. If convergence is obtained, the workflow 100ends at block 166.

If convergence is not obtained, the workflow 100 proceeds to block 170and/or block 180 wherein it is determined whether the values of δ and/orη should be updated for each point of the model. If the result of theinquiry is positive at block 170, the workflow proceeds to procedure 185where a three dimensional (3D) TTI tomography is performed to update thevalue of δ for each point of the model using the results of the residualmoveout analysis for the near to mid offsets. It is greatly beneficialto update the values of δ only because such an update does not modifythe values of wave velocities Vp₀ in the model. As a result, the tiebetween well and seismic data that was previously obtained with themodel constructed at block 135 is not qualitatively destroyed in a lowdip setting. In that way, it is possible to obtain a faster and morerobust conversion for the values of the TTI model.

Alternatively or additionally, it is determined whether the values of ηshould be updated for each point of the model. If the result of theinquiry is positive at block 180, the workflow proceeds to procedure 195where a three dimensional (3D) TTI tomography is performed to update thevalue of η for each point of the model using the results of the residualmoveout analysis for the far to mid offsets.

If the values of δ and/or η are not updated, it is determined whetherthe values of wave velocities Vp₀ should be updated (block 175). If theresult of the inquiry is negative, the workflow ends at block 166. Ifthe result of the inquiry is positive, the workflow proceeds toprocedure 190 where a 3D TTI tomography is performed to update thevalues of velocities Vp₀ in the geological volume of interest.

The results of the 3D TTI tomography analyses of procedures 185, 190 and195 provide a new three dimensional (3D) TTI model at block 197 withupdated values of δ, Vp₀ and η at each point (x, y, z) of the model. Itis then determined whether convergence is obtained for the updatedvalues of δ, Vp₀ and η in the new model of block 197 (block 198).Various tests may be used to determine whether convergence is obtained.For example, it is determined whether the obtained values are below apredetermined threshold. If the result of the inquiry is positive, theworkflow of FIG. 2 ends at procedure 199. If the result of the inquiryis negative, the workflow 100 proceeds back to block 115 where the welldata are used to perform a three dimensional (3D) TTI tomography(procedure 120) based on ray tracing to update the value of Vp₀ of theTTI earth model obtained at block 197 near the well(s). Thus, the TTIearth model obtained at block 197 is used as a new initial model for thesubsequent iteration. In an embodiment, this new initial TTI earth modelis more refined than the initial model used at the first iteration inthat it substantially flattens common-imaging-point gathers andsubstantially ties seismic data to well data. After determining amodified model with updated values of Vp₀ near the well(s), the workflow100 proceeds to procedures 125-198 where updated values of δ and/or Vp₀and/or η are determined. The workflow is then iterated until convergenceis obtained for the values of δ and/or Vp₀ and/or η (i.e. the values ofδ and/or Vp₀ and/or η substantially do not change between two subsequentiterations).

It will be appreciated that the workflow of FIG. 2 is intended toencompass several scenarios for optimizing the three dimensional (3D)TTI model. Referring now to FIG. 3, this figure shows the variousscenarios that can be applied at each iteration. In the first scenario,δ is the only parameter that is updated at each location in the model.The first scenario is preferred because the update of δ does not changethe values of Vp₀ in a low dip setting and, as a result, thequantitative tie between the well data and the seismic data is notdestroyed during the optimization of δ. In the second scenario,parameters δ and Vp₀ are updated. In the third scenario, parameters δand η are updated. In the fourth scenario, the velocities Vp₀ areupdated. In the fifth scenario, Vp₀ and η are updated. In the sixthscenario, η is updated and, in the seventh scenario, δ, η, and Vp₀ areupdated.

It will be appreciated that the one or more parameters updated at agiven iteration may not be the same as the one or more parametersupdated at a subsequent iteration. In other words, the anisotropicparameters (δ, η and Vp₀) optimized at each iteration may be different.Thus, in an embodiment, it is envisioned that various scenarios could beused to optimize the three dimensional TTI model. Further it isenvisioned that after optimizing a first parameter, e.g. δ according tothe first scenario, the workflow of FIG. 2 may be pursued to optimize asecond parameter, e.g. η, and then a third parameter, e.g. Vp₀.Therefore, the parameters δ, η and Vp₀ can be optimized simultaneouslyor sequentially. Further, it will be appreciated that the selection ofthe parameters updated at each iteration is highly dependent on thematurity of the overall model building process that includes both depthimaging and tomography and the type and the quality of well and seismicdata that are used to construct the 3D TTI model.

Although the invention has been described in detail for the purpose ofillustration based on what is currently considered to be the mostpractical and preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that suchdetail is solely for that purpose and that the invention is not limitedto the disclosed embodiments, but, on the contrary, is intended to covermodifications and equivalent arrangements that are within the spirit andscope of the appended claims.

It will be appreciated that the different acts involved in determiningvalues of anisotropic model parameters of a Tilted TransverselyIsotropic (TTI) Earth model may be executed according to machineexecutable instructions or codes. These machine executable instructionsmay be embedded in a data storage medium. A processor may be configuredto execute the instructions.

Software functionalities of a computer system involving programming,including executable codes, may be used to implement the above describedmodel. The software code may be executable by a general-purposecomputer. In operation, the code and possibly the associated datarecords may be stored within a general-purpose computer platform. Atother times, however, the software may be stored at other locationsand/or transported for loading into an appropriate general-purposecomputer-system. Hence, the embodiments discussed above involve one ormore software or computer products in the form of one or more modules ofcode carried by at least one machine-readable medium. Execution of suchcodes by a processor of the computer system enables the platform toimplement the functions in essentially the manner performed in theembodiments discussed and illustrated herein.

As used herein, terms such as computer or machine “Readable medium”refer to any medium that participates in providing instructions to aprocessor for execution. A computer or a machine “readable medium” maybe broadly termed a “computer product.” Such a medium may take manyforms, including but not limited to, non-volatile media, volatile media,and transmission media. Non-volatile media include, for example, opticalor magnetic disks, such as any of the storage devices in any computers)operating as discussed above. Volatile media include dynamic memory,such as the main memory of a computer system. Physical transmissionmedia include coaxial cables, copper wires and fiber optics, includingthe wires that comprise a bus within a computer system. Carrier-wavetransmission media can take the form of electric or electromagneticsignals, or acoustic or light waves such as those generated during radiofrequency (RF) and infrared (IR) data communications. Common forms ofcomputer-readable media therefore include, for example: a floppy disk, aflexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, any other magnetic medium, aCD-ROM, DVD, any other optical medium, less commonly used media such aspunch cards, paper tape, any other physical medium with patterns ofholes, a RAM, a PROM, and EPROM, a FLASH-EPROM, any other memory chip orcartridge, a carrier wave transporting data or instructions, cables orlinks transporting such a carrier wave, or any other medium from which acomputer can read or send programming codes and/or data. Many of theseforms of computer readable media maybe involved in carrying one or moresequences of one or more instructions to a processor for execution.

It is to be understood that the present invention contemplates that, tothe extent possible, one or more features of any embodiment can becombined with one or more features of any other embodiment.

1. A computer implemented method for determining values of anisotropicmodel parameters of a Tilted Transversely Isotropic (TTI) Earth model,the anisotropic parameters including P-wave velocity (Vp₀) along atilted symmetry axis, the Thomsen anisotropy parameters δ and δ (orη=(ε−δ)/(1+2δ)) representative of variations of wave velocities as afunction of wave propagation angle from the symmetry axis, the methodcomprising: acquiring input data for a geological volume of interest;determining a theoretical relationship between the input data and theanisotropic model parameters; and calculating the values of theanisotropic model parameters at each of a plurality of subsurfacelocations in the geological volume of interest based on the theoreticalrelationships and the input data using workflows involving iterative orsequential combinations of processes including input data preprocessing,conventional tomographic inversion, three dimensional tomographicinversion based on a tilted transversely isotropic model, and threedimensional pre-stack depth migration using a tilted transverselyisotropic model, thereby providing an accurate model of geologicalfeatures present in the geological volume of interest.
 2. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the iterative or sequential combinations of processesincludes interpretive picking.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein thetomographic inversion is recursive and iterative, and uses threedimensional tilted transversely isotropic ray tracing to model threedimensional wave propagation.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein theinput data include surface seismic data, vertical seismic profile data,checkshot data, VSP data, well log data, interpretational data, regionaltrend, a priori data, or any combination of the foregoing.
 5. The methodof claim 4, wherein the interpretational data include picks of horizonpositions and shapes.
 6. The method of claim 1, further comprisingcreating an initial TTI model using the input data, the initial TTImodel being created by estimating subsurface reflector structural dipsand obtaining TTI symmetry axes in the geological volume of interest. 7.The method of claim 1, further comprising normalizing the input dataprior to performing the inversion.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein theinput data includes seismic data, the method further comprising, priorto performing the three dimensional TTI tomographic inversion, migratingthe seismic data using 3D TTI prestack depth migration algorithm,sorting the migrated seismic data according to their subsurface locationand their migration offset/angle into common-image-point (CIP) gathers,and selecting and quantifying residual moveouts in thecommon-image-point gathers domain.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein thevalues of the anisotropic model parameters at each of the plurality ofsubsurface locations are calculated using three dimensional TTItomographic inversions, simultaneously, or separately in a sequentialmanner, using various combinations of inversions with full sets orsubsets of the input data and full sets or subsets of output data. 10.The method of claim 9, wherein the output data includes Vp₀, δ and ηand/or ε.
 11. The method of claim 1 further comprising performing a TTIpre-stack depth migration process using a TTI model with Vp₀, δ and η.12. The method of claim 1, wherein the calculation includes calculatingvalues of the anisotropic parameters by iteratively selecting values ofVp₀, δ and η until (a) seismic image positions of subsurface structuresin the geological volume of interest tie their spatial positionsrecognized in drilled wells and (b) residual moveouts incommon-imaging-point gathers are minimum at every point in the model.13. The method of claim 12, wherein the subsurface structures includerock boundaries.
 14. A computer implemented method for determiningvalues of anisotropic model parameters of a three dimensional TTI earthmodel, the anisotropic parameters including P-wave velocity (Vp₀) alonga tilted symmetry axis, the Thomsen anisotropy parameters δ, ε (orη=(ε−δ)/(1+2δ)) representative of variation of wave velocities as afunction of wave propagation angle from the symmetry axis, the methodcomprising: a. obtaining an initial TTI earth model that substantiallyflattens common-imaging-point gathers and substantially ties seismicdata to well data, the initial migration velocity model includinginitial values Vp₀, δ, ε (or η) at each of a plurality of subsurfacelocations in a geological volume of interest; b. inputting checkshotdata, or VSP data, or both checkshot and VSP data at well locations intoa three dimensional tomographic inversion to determine updated values ofVp₀ near the well locations, the values of Vp₀ being updated by acorrection ΔVp₀, wherein Vp₀=Vp₀+ΔVp₀; c. determining an incrementalimprovement Δδ to δ(initial) using the relative change Δδ=(ΔVp₀)/Vp₀; d.extrapolating the relative change Δδ from near-well locations to theentire three dimensional TTI earth model at each of the plurality ofsubsurface locations, taking into account geological consistency andregularization, to determine updated values of δ, wherein δ=δ+Δδ; e.determining updated values of Vp₀=Vp₀(1−Δδ) using the extrapolated threedimensional Δδ at each of the plurality of subsurface locations andobtaining the three dimensional extended incremental update ΔVp₀=−ΔδVp₀; f. inputting near-to-mid-offset/angle residual moveout informationin the common-imaging-point gathers obtained with an improved migrationvelocity model that is defined with the updated values of Vp₀ and δ intoa TTI tomographic inversion process to further provide updated values ofδ at each of the plurality of subsurface locations; and g. inputtingnear-to-far-offset/angle residual moveout information in thecommon-imaging-point gathers obtained with the improved model the TTItomographic inversion process to provide updated values of η at each ofthe plurality of subsurface locations.
 15. The method of claim 14,further comprising iteratively repeating (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f)and (g), wherein the improved parameters of the TTI model determined atthe end of an iteration corresponds to the initial parameters of the TTImodel at the next iteration.
 16. A computer product having machineexecutable instructions, the instructions being executable by a machineto perform a tomographic inversion method for determining values ofanisotropic parameters of a TTI earth model, the anisotropic parametersincluding P-wave velocity (Vp₀) along a tilted symmetry axis, theThomsen anisotropy parameters δ and ε (or η=(ε−δ)/(1+2δ)) representativeof variation of wave velocities as a function of wave propagation anglefrom the symmetry axis, the method comprising: determining arelationship between input data and the anisotropic parameters, theinput data being acquired for a geological volume of interest; andcalculating the values of the anisotropic parameters at each of aplurality of subsurface locations in the geological volume of interestbased on the relationship and the input data using workflows involvingiterative or sequential combinations of processes including input datapreprocessing, three dimensional tomographic inversion, and threedimensional TTI pre-stack depth migration.